Designated the 2025 European Winter Sports Capital, Erzurum is stepping onto the global stage.
By Nil Güler, PhD
It has sometimes been called the “Pearl of the East” due to its rich history, stunning architecture, and significance as a cultural and commercial hub in eastern Türkiye. Erzurum is known for its rich cultural heritage, historical sites, and role in Turkish history.
It was initially settled by the Urartians in the 8th century BCE. Later, it came under Roman and Byzantine control and became known as Theodosiopolis.
Seljuks and Ottomans: In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks captured the city, which became an important part of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. In the 16th century, it was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire.
It is primarily characterized by mountainous terrain with significant elevation. Erzurum is part of the Eastern Anatolian Plateau and surrounded by high mountains, making it one of Türkiye’s highest and coldest regions.
Key geographical features include:
◗ Palandöken Mountain: This is one of the most prominent peaks in Erzurum and a famous destination for skiing.
◗ Erzurum Plateau: The area surrounding the city of Erzurum is largely flat, with high-altitude plateaus, which contribute to the province’s cold climate.
Turkish War of Independence:
Erzurum is best known in modern history for its role in the Turkish War of Independence. In 1919, the Erzurum Congress was held, which became one of the defining moments in the founding of the Republic of Türkiye. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and other nationalist leaders gathered in Erzurum to discuss the future of the Ottoman Empire and the fight against foreign occupation. The decisions made here were crucial in laying the foundation for the eventual establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923.
Resistance against the Allied Occupation:
In the aftermath of World War I, Russian and British forces occupied the city. The people of Erzurum, along with other Anatolian cities, took part in the resistance against foreign occupation, which further strengthened the nationalist movement.
Winter Sports
If you are looking for a winter sports adventure in Türkiye, Erzurum’s Palandöken Resort offers excellent facilities, good snow, and stunning mountain scenery. The skiing season at Palandöken typically runs from December to April, with peak conditions often between January and March. Palandöken has various slopes suitable for skiers and snowboarders of all levels. The resort is renowned for having one of Türkiye’s longest ski runs and good snow.
Other snow-related activities are:
Winter Hiking: With scenic routes through snow-capped landscapes, the region’s natural beauty is perfect for those looking to enjoy the winter outdoors in a less intense way than skiing.
Snowmobile Riding: Erzurum offers snowmobile rides through snowy trails, giving visitors an exciting way to explore the winter landscape.
Ice Climbing: Ice climbing is also a growing activity in the nearby mountains, with frozen waterfalls and ice-covered rock faces providing an exciting challenge for climbers.
Winter Festivals and Events: Erzurum hosts winter festivals, which include various competitions and entertainment and attract sports enthusiasts from around the world.
2025 European Winter Sports Capital by the European Capitals and Cities of Sport Federation (ACES Europe)
Erzurum’s selection as one of the European Capitals of Winter Sports underscores its commitment to promoting winter sports and tourism, offering visitors a blend of modern facilities and rich cultural experiences. This recognition highlights Erzurum’s commitment to winter sports and its excellent facilities, such as the Palandöken Ski Resort and other winter sports venues
Erzurum Castle (Kale-i Erzurum)
The Erzurum Castle, a historic fortress dating back to the 5th century, offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscape. It is an important historical landmark that has stood through many empires, including the Byzantine and Seljuk periods.
Yakutiye Medrese
This stunning 13th-century Islamic school, built by the Seljuk ruler Yakut, is an architectural treasure. Its tilework and grand portal are some of the best examples of Seljuk art. It also houses a museum where you can learn about the region’s history.
Twin Minaret Madrasa
Built in the 13th century, this structure is a unique example of Seljuk architecture. Its iconic twin minarets rise high above the city, and carved stonework makes it a must-see historical site.
Erzurum Archaeology Museum
It contains artifacts from the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Ages, as well as items from the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman periods.
Aziziye Tabyası (Aziziye Bastion)
A significant site for the Turkish War of Independence, Aziziye Tabyası is a fortified military structure where Turkish forces fought against Russian invaders in the 1877-78 Russion-Turkish War. The site has historical plaques and monuments commemorating the battle.
Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Originally built as a church in the 12th century during the Byzantine era, it was later converted into a mosque. The architecture is a combination of Byzantine and Seljuk styles and is a fascinating place to visit for history
Erzurum Clock Tower
The Erzurum Clock Tower, built during the Ottoman era, is one of the city’s most iconic landmarks. Located in the city center, it is a great spot for taking photos and enjoying the surrounding architecture.
Erzurum Cuisine
Erzurum offers a unique culinary experience, including specialties like Cağ Kebabı (a local version of kebab), Kadayıf Dolması (a type of pastry), and Mumbar (stuffed intestines).
Oltu Stone
Oltu stone is a type of black stone primarily found in Türkiye. It is a variety of agate, a mineral known for its striking appearance and hardness. Oltu stone is famous for its deep black color, smooth texture, and high shine.
In Turkish culture, Oltu stone has a long history of use, especially for making prayer beads (tesbihs), jewelry, and various ornaments. Due to its relatively rare occurrence and the skill needed to craft it, Oltu stone has become a prized material, especially for crafting items with intricate carvings or polished finishes.
Universities
Erzurum is home to several universities. The main one is Atatürk University, one of the largest and oldest in the region. It offers a wide range of programs across various fields, including engineering, science, social sciences, humanities, and medical school. Another university is Erzurum Technical University, which focuses more on technical and engineering disciplines. ■
